It is not often I publish government press releases but this one LINK has not had much publcity. It is important in the light of the recent pollution of Wealdstone Brook and attempts to get local public health officers and their councils to sit up and take notice..
A joint opinion piece from Professor Chris Whitty, Chief Medical Officer
for England, Jonson Cox, Ofwat chair and Emma Howard Boyd, Environment Agency
chair
One of the greatest public health triumphs of the last 200 years was
separating human faeces from drinking water. People now take this for granted
but it was the basis for preventing cholera, typhoid and other bacterial and
viral diarrhoeal diseases that killed millions in major epidemics. Largely
achieved through remarkable feats of engineering over 2 centuries, only
vaccination matches it as a public health intervention for preventing
infectious diseases. When bacteria from human faeces (coliforms) are ingested,
it increases the risk of significant infections including antibiotic resistant
bacteria. Keeping human faeces out of water people might ingest remains a
public health priority.
Tap water in the UK is safe. No-one expects river water to be of drinking
standard, but where people swim or children play they should not expect
significant doses of human coliforms if they ingest water. Raw sewage from
storm overflows and continuous discharge of waste containing viable organisms
from sewage treatment works is an increasing problem. This is a serious public
health issue for government and regulators and it is clear that the water
companies are not doing enough. The public health dangers are in addition to
the ecological and environmental impact which forms the basis for much
regulation.
Use of our rivers for recreation and exercise is something to celebrate
and encourage. Children have always played in waterways and always will,
irrespective of what notices are put up next to them. People of all ages use
freshwater waterways such as rivers for recreation including swimming and
various forms of boating. During lockdown many people took to swimming in
rivers and have continued since. Our rivers, seas and waterways should
therefore be free from sewage to reduce risk to the public. There are 2 major
issues to tackle. Both have solutions.
The first is raw sewage discharge from the sewage network and in
particular storm overflows. As the name implies this should be exceptionally
rare. The engineering logic of storm overflows is that if the sewerage system
is at risk of being overwhelmed by storms or atypically intense rain, sewers
get too full and can back up into homes or overflow into streets. To prevent
that, storm overflows act as a safety release valve, but were intended only for
exceptional circumstances when the public would be unlikely to be using rivers.
After the Environment Agency required the water industry to install
monitors on overflows, data shows that their use is now not exceptional.
In some cases, up to 200 discharges a year are occurring. This is obviously
unacceptable on public health grounds. Whilst zero discharges are technically
achievable the cost of this may not be justified; to reduce the frequency down
to genuine storms should however be a minimum expectation. It certainly is the
expectation of the great majority of the public, including those who do not
themselves use rivers recreationally as measured by polling data. Nobody wants
a child to ingest human faeces.
There are solutions to getting storm overflows back to only functioning
only in very high rainfall conditions. These involve better operational
management, innovation and investment. This is rightly seen as the job of water
companies. As a start, 4 have recently agreed to reduce their overflows to an
average of no more than 20 discharges a year by 2025 – but we need to go much
further and Ofwat and the Environment Agency will hold companies to account for
this delivery.
The second major issue is coliforms from the continuous normal discharge
from sewage works. Whilst raw sewage is not discharged into waterways from
these, viable bacteria and viruses are, as part of normal operations.
Eliminating discharges of coliforms from sewage works upstream of popular
recreational areas will go a long way to reducing human faecal infective
organisms downstream. This has been achieved for seaside beaches at coastal
works by use of ultraviolet treatment. Other forms of less energy-intensive
treatment are in trial or development: these options need to be pushed forward
by companies with urgency.
It will inevitably require investment to boost resilience and capacity
in our sewerage system. But it is not just a question of money – it needs
preventive engineering, better sewer management, innovation and commitment. We
welcome recent initiatives by some companies, but a lot more needs to be done.
Ofwat asked all companies to produce an action plan setting out how they will
rapidly improve river health. As they finalise plans, they must demonstrate a
commitment to public health that matches public expectation. We have 2
stretches of river in England and Wales with bathing water status. There are
over 500 in France.
We recognise management of sewers is made more difficult by plastic wet
wipes flushed down toilets which congeal together with fats poured down drains
to form fatbergs that block sewers and cause avoidable use of the storm
overflows. Ensuring all of us put wet wipes in bins or, better, that only
rapidly biodegradable wet wipes are available would immediately assist in
reducing avoidable outflow problems.
However, the principal public health responsibility for ensuring human
faeces and viable human faecal bacteria do not get into waterways people might
use recreationally, rest squarely with the water companies and their directors.
Ministers have already signalled they want significant action, requiring
companies to deliver a multi-billion pound programme to tackle storm sewage
discharges. Companies should take the initiative and go faster. Regulators will
hold companies to account.
It is time for wastewater companies to act. It will
be a matter of choice if they do not.
- Professor
Chris Whitty, Chief Medical Officer for England
- Jonson
Cox, Chair, Ofwat
- Emma
Howard Boyd, Chair, Environment Agency