Clean Air in London estimates
that there are 7,500 premature deaths in London annually due to nitrogen dioxide and
particulate pollution as wellas the 3,400 caused by toxic air.
Barry Gardiner (Brent North) told the Evening Standard Standard in June
7. Reduce the exposure of Brent residents to
Particulate Matter (PM) and NO2 generated by the transport network
.
5.36.
Air quality improvement measures have previously been focussed on the
reduction of carbon and CO2 production. However, in recent years
it has become apparent that particulate matter and NO2 pose the most significant risks to the health of those exposed to them
on a regular basis.
.
5.37.
Evidence shows that fine and ultra fine particulate matter present in air
pollution increases the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
Conventional vehicles are responsible for 41% to 60% of air pollutants in the
UK, which have an impact on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases.
.
5.38.
It has been shown that NO2 acts as an irritant, exacerbating
respiratory conditions and contributing to premature deaths, particularly in
vulnerable members of the population such as those with asthma. NO2 is generated as part of the combustion process that takes place in
conventional cars.
.
5.39.
Particulate matter can enter the body through the lining of the lungs and
creates inflammation. In particular, particulate matter has been shown to
contribute to conditions that have an inflammatory element, such as heart
attack and stroke. It is uncertain precisely how many deaths are brought
forward by the presence of particulate matter, however, it is estimated to be a
significant number.
.
5.40.
Though not all particulate matter is generated by transport, diesel
engines do produce significant amounts as does friction on the road surface and
other moving parts.
.
5.41.
Reducing the exposure of Brent residents to both of these substances will
directly contribute to improved health and longer life. Though it is not
achievable through this strategy to reduce exposure from the transport network
to 0 due to the nature of transport and the built environment, there are some
measures that are achievable that will both reduce overall levels of air
pollution and lessen the exposure of individuals.
Reducing
exposure
5.42. There are two main ways in which the
exposure of Brent residents to this type of pollution can be controlled and
reduced. These are reduction in the overall production of the pollutants and
avoidance of the pollutants that are still produced.
Reduction
5.43. All the objectives of this LTTS will
contribute to improved air quality through reduced vehicle trips on the
network. In particular increased use of sustainable modes and reduced peak-time
freight movements combined with greater use of LEVs and ULEVs will contribute
to improved air quality. However, there are some specific measures that relate
more closely to air quality.
.
5.44.
The Transport Emissions Road Map (TERM) produced by Transport for London
in 2014 identifies a number of measures that may be implemented in the boroughs
to reduce the production of pollutants. Among these is the introduction of Low
Emission Neighbourhoods which identify particular areas as zones in which
heavily polluting vehicles are limited or controlled.
.
5.45.
Though the introduction of these would be supported by the LTTS it should
be noted that the terms on which they are implemented should be considered
carefully to avoid inequitable impacts on residents.
.
5.46.
It must also be considered that the current Transport for London bus
fleet runs on diesel, which produces high levels of particulates. There are no
current plans for this fleet to be changed for one running on alternative
fuels, so this restriction must be considered when introducing restrictions.
.
5.47.
However, due to the large number of bus routes running through Brent and
in particular certain strategic corridors Brent will continue to lobby TfL for
changes to the local bus fleet to reduce dependency on diesel.
.
5.48.
The TERM also identifies the possible introduction of an Ultra Low
Emission Zone covering greater London which would operate on similar terms to
the current Low Emission Zone but would enforce tighter emission standards on
vehicles entering greater London.
.
5.49.
Though it is uncertain as yet how this will come forward on a London wide
basis, the LTTS would support the introduction of a borough-wide low emission
zone. This would give Brent Borough Council control over implementation and
therefore the ability to mitigate any potential negative impacts on local
residents. Further research would be required to take this forward should the
opportunity to gain funding arise.
Avoidance
.
5.50.
It has been shown that for particulate matter distance from the source of
pollution makes a significant difference to the level of exposure suffered.
Therefore, increasing the distance and introducing barriers could help to
reduce the exposure of residents to this type of pollution.
.
5.51.
In some areas this may not be achievable due to the constrained nature of
the network. However in new schemes and in particular schemes that incorporate
a strong element of place making, enabling a greater distance between the road
surface and shop fronts and footways would be of benefit to the health of local
workers and visitors.
.
5.52.
In some areas is may also be possible to introduce barriers such as
plating, that constrains the particulate matter and reduces the amount that
reaches the footway and frontages.